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I. Chapter Summary

This chapter traces the development of the Indian National Movement during the early 20th century, particularly focusing on the Non-Cooperation Movement, Civil Disobedience Movement, and the role of Mahatma Gandhi. It explores how diverse groups—peasants, tribals, industrial workers, and women—interpreted and participated in the national movement. The chapter also highlights how symbols, slogans, and cultural expressions helped shape a national identity and mobilize people against colonial rule.

II. Key Concepts Covered

Concept	Explanation
Nationalism	A political ideology aiming for national self-determination and independence.
Gandhian Movements	Non-Cooperation Movement (1920), Civil Disobedience Movement (1930), Quit India Movement (1942).
Rowlatt Act (1919)	A law allowing detention without trial, leading to widespread protest.
Jallianwala Bagh Massacre	1919 massacre by General Dyer that intensified anti-British sentiment.
Khilafat Movement	Movement launched by Indian Muslims to protect the Ottoman Caliphate, merged with Non-Cooperation.
Non-Cooperation Movement	Mass protest involving boycott of British goods, institutions, and services.
Civil Disobedience Movement	Involved breaking colonial laws (e.g., Salt Law), boycotts, and tax refusal.
Salt March (Dandi March)	240-mile march led by Gandhi in 1930 to break the salt law—symbol of resistance.
Different Social Groups	Peasants (UP), tribals (Andhra), industrial workers, business classes—all interpreted nationalism differently.
Limits of Nationalism	Dalits and Muslims had reservations due to different interests and visions of independence.
Role of Symbols	Tricolour, Bharat Mata, and songs played key roles in uniting people emotionally and ideologically.

III. Important Questions

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (1 Mark)

1. Which law allowed the British government to imprison people without trial?
   a) Vernacular Act
   b) Rowlatt Act ✅ (PYQ 2018)
   c) Arms Act
   d) Press Act
2. Who led the Civil Disobedience Movement?
   a) Subhas Chandra Bose
   b) Mahatma Gandhi ✅
   c) Bhagat Singh
   d) Jawaharlal Nehru
3. The Simon Commission was boycotted because:
   a) It was anti-Muslim
   b) It was against Gandhi
   c) It had no Indian member ✅ (PYQ 2019)
   d) It supported British goods
4. The famous Dandi March was undertaken to protest against:
   a) Partition of Bengal
   b) Jallianwala Bagh Massacre
   c) Salt Law ✅ (PYQ 2020)
   d) Rowlatt Act

(B) Short Answer Questions (2/3 Marks)

1. Why was the Non-Cooperation Movement withdrawn by Gandhiji? (PYQ 2020)
2. Explain the impact of the Jallianwala Bagh massacre on the national movement.
3. Mention any three features of the Civil Disobedience Movement.
4. Why did Gandhiji support the Khilafat Movement? How did it help strengthen the national movement?

(C) Long Answer Questions (5 Marks)

1. Discuss how different social groups participated in the Civil Disobedience Movement. (PYQ 2022)
2. Describe the Salt March and its significance in the Indian freedom struggle.
3. How did symbols and icons like Bharat Mata, tricolour, and folk traditions contribute to nationalism?
4. Explain the limitations of the Civil Disobedience Movement in uniting all social sections.

(D) HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills)

1. Was Gandhiji’s decision to suspend the Non-Cooperation Movement after the Chauri Chaura incident justified? Argue your point.
2. If the Salt March were to happen in today’s time, how might social media have influenced the movement?

IV. Key Formulas/Concepts

This chapter is concept-based and does not contain formulas. However, important definitions include:

• Non-Cooperation: Non-violent refusal to obey unjust laws.
• Civil Disobedience: Deliberate law-breaking to oppose unjust government rules.
• Satyagraha: A method of non-violent protest developed by Gandhi based on truth and non-violence.

Important Years:

Year	Event
1919	Rowlatt Act, Jallianwala Bagh
1920	Launch of Non-Cooperation Movement
1930	Salt March begins Civil Disobedience Movement
1931	Gandhi-Irwin Pact
1935	Government of India Act passed

V. Deleted Portions (CBSE 2025–2026)

 No portions have been deleted from this chapter as per the rationalized NCERT textbooks.

VI. Chapter-Wise Marks Bifurcation (Estimated – CBSE 2025–2026)

Unit/Chapter	Estimated Marks	Type of Questions Typically Asked
Chapter 2: Nationalism in India	6–8 Marks	1 Long Answer, 2 Short Answers, 2 MCQs

VII. Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Year	Marks	Question
2022	5	How did different social groups participate in the Civil Disobedience Movement?
2020	3	Why was the Non-Cooperation Movement withdrawn by Gandhiji?
2019	1	Why was the Simon Commission boycotted?
2018	1	Which law allowed detention without trial? (Rowlatt Act)

VIII. Real-World Application Examples

Concept	Real-World Connection
Satyagraha	Influenced global leaders like Martin Luther King Jr. and Nelson Mandela.
Civil Disobedience	Modern environmental and human rights protests use non-violent resistance.
Mass Mobilization	Techniques used by freedom fighters are reflected in modern movements like climate strikes.
National Symbols	Continued use of Tricolour and Bharat Mata in public expressions of patriotism.

IX. Student Tips & Strategies for Success

Time Management

• Dedicate 20–25 minutes twice a week to this chapter.
• Use timelines and flowcharts to track event sequences and impacts.

Exam Preparation

• Practice map-based questions: major sites like Dandi, Chauri Chaura, Amritsar.
• Memorize key dates and pacts (e.g., Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Simon Commission).
• Use mnemonic devices for movements and leaders.

Stress Management

• Break long events into smaller blocks for better retention.
• Discuss with peers to gain varied perspectives on social movements.
• Avoid last-minute cramming—revise regularly.

X. Career Guidance & Exploration (Class-Specific)

For Classes 9–10

Stream Overview

• Arts: Political Science, History, Public Administration
• Commerce: Business Ethics, Media Studies
• Science: Social Research, Anthropology

Career Paths

• Civil Services, Law, Journalism, Historian, Policy Analyst, Human Rights Activist

Opportunities

• NTSE, History & Heritage Olympiads, National Essay Competitions, Debate Clubs

XI. Important Notes

• Always verify syllabus updates via ncert.nic.in and cbseacademic.nic.in.
• Focus on interlinking events and causes, not memorizing them in isolation.
• Use visual tools like charts, Venn diagrams, and historical maps.
• Repeated practice of PYQs can help in understanding exam patterns and question framing.