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I. Chapter Summary

The chapter Development introduces students to the concept of development as a multidimensional goal, not limited to income but also including factors like education, health, equality, freedom, and sustainability. It explores how different people have different development goals and how these goals may even be conflicting. It discusses national development, per capita income, public facilities, and the concept of sustainable development. The chapter also teaches the significance of Human Development Index (HDI) and the need for composite indicators to measure development effectively.

II. Key Concepts Covered

Concept	Explanation
Development Goals	People seek different things (e.g., income, respect, security), which can differ or even conflict.
National Development	Refers to overall growth and well-being of a country; different people have different ideas about what it should look like.
Comparison of Countries	Based on Per Capita Income (PCI) and other indicators like literacy rate, life expectancy, etc.
Income and Other Criteria	While income is important, non-monetary aspects like access to clean water and education are equally crucial.
Public Facilities	Facilities provided by the government such as transport, schools, hospitals.
Sustainability of Development	Sustainable development meets the needs of the present without compromising future generations.

III. Important Questions

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (1 Mark)

1. What is the full form of HDI?
   • a) Human Development Index 
   • b) Human Duty Index
   • c) Human Demographic Indicator
   • d) None of these
2. Which of the following is a public facility?
   • a) Mobile phone
   • b) Bank account
   • c) Electricity 
   • d) Car
3. What is used by the World Bank to classify countries?
   • a) Total income
   • b) Per capita income 
   • c) Literacy rate
   • d) Health index
4. Sustainable development ensures:
   • a) Use of resources only for industrial growth
   • b) Present growth without harming the future 
   • c) Overuse of non-renewable resources
   • d) None of the above

(B) Short Answer Questions (2/3 Marks)

1. Why is average income not a sufficient indicator of development? (PYQ – 2020)
2. Define per capita income. How is it calculated? (PYQ – 2019)
3. Mention any two development goals of a landless rural labourer.
4. What do you mean by sustainable development? Give one example. (PYQ – 2021)

(C) Long Answer Questions (5 Marks)

1. “People have conflicting developmental goals.” Explain with suitable examples.
2. Compare the developmental levels of India and Sri Lanka based on HDI indicators.
3. Explain the role of public facilities in the development of a country.
4. How is development of a country measured? Explain the limitations of using per capita income alone.

(D) HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills)

1. A country has a high per capita income but very low literacy and health levels. Would you call it a developed country? Why or why not?
2. Imagine two villages: one with good roads and schools, and another with higher income but no schools or healthcare. Which is more developed in your opinion?

IV. Key Formulas/Concepts

• Per Capita Income (PCI) Per Capita Income=Total Income of the CountryTotal Populationtext{Per Capita Income} = frac{text{Total Income of the Country}}{text{Total Population}}Per Capita Income=Total PopulationTotal Income of the Country​
• Human Development Index (HDI)
  Composite measure based on:
  • Life expectancy
  • Literacy/education levels
  • Per capita income
• Sustainable Development
  Definition: “Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.”

V. Deleted Portions (CBSE 2025–2026)

No portions have been deleted from this chapter as per the rationalized NCERT textbooks.

VI. Chapter-Wise Marks Bifurcation (Estimated – CBSE 2025–2026)

Unit/Chapter	Estimated Marks	Type of Questions Typically Asked
Development	6–8 marks	MCQs, Short Answer, Long Answer, HOTS

VII. Previous Year Questions (PYQs)

Year	Marks	Question
2019	3	Define per capita income. Why is it used to compare countries?
2020	5	Explain why average income is an important but not sufficient indicator of development.
2021	2	Define sustainable development.

VIII. Real-World Application Examples to Connect with Topics

• Public Facilities: Clean water, sanitation, and healthcare determine the quality of life more than income alone.
• Sustainability: Importance of renewable energy in preventing resource exhaustion.
• HDI Ranking: Students can research India’s rank in UNDP’s Human Development Report.
• Conflicting Goals: Building a dam might benefit industries but displace local villagers.

IX. Student Tips & Strategies for Success

Time Management

• Spend 30 minutes reviewing tables, graphs, and comparison charts.
• Use flashcards for definitions like HDI, PCI, Sustainable Development.

Exam Preparation

• Practice past year questions and diagrams (e.g., HDI bar graphs).
• Prepare real-life examples for HOTS questions.

Stress Management

• Relate chapter concepts with real community issues (e.g., waste management, local facilities).
• Use visual mind maps to consolidate themes and indicators.

X. Career Guidance & Exploration (Class-Specific)

For Classes 9–10

Academic Streams Overview:

• Science: Environmental Science, Data Analysis, Geography
• Commerce: Economics, Developmental Studies
• Arts: Sociology, Political Science, Journalism

Career Paths:

• Economist
• Public Policy Analyst
• Environmental Planner
• Social Worker
• Statistician

Relevant Exams:

• NTSE
• SOF Economics Olympiad
• UNDP Model Projects for Youth

XI. Important Notes

• Always refer to ncert.nic.in and cbseacademic.nic.in for official syllabus and updates.
• Read the case studies and tables carefully; they often form the basis for HOTS and reasoning questions.
• In exam answers, always back arguments with indicators like literacy rate, life expectancy, and per capita income.