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I. Chapter Summary:

The chapter Motion introduces the foundational concepts of kinematics—the study of motion without considering its causes. Students learn to describe motion using terms like distance, displacement, speed, velocity, and acceleration. It explores uniform and non-uniform motion, along with graphical representation (distance-time and velocity-time graphs). The chapter also derives and applies the three equations of motion using graphical and algebraic methods and introduces the concept of uniform circular motion.

II. Key Concepts Covered:

Concept	Description
Motion	A body is in motion if it changes its position with respect to time.
Distance vs. Displacement	Distance: Total path covered; Displacement: Straight-line change in position.
Speed vs. Velocity	Speed is scalar (no direction); velocity is vector (has direction).
Acceleration	Rate of change of velocity; can be positive (speeding up) or negative (slowing down).
Uniform Motion	Equal distances in equal intervals of time.
Non-Uniform Motion	Unequal distances in equal intervals.
Equations of Motion

1. v=u+atv = u + atv=u+at
2. s=ut+12at2s = ut + frac{1}{2}at^2s=ut+21​at2
3. v2=u2+2asv^2 = u^2 + 2asv2=u2+2as
   | Graphical Representation | Distance-time & velocity-time graphs help in visual analysis of motion. |
   | Uniform Circular Motion | Motion along a circular path with constant speed but changing direction. |

III. Important Questions:

(A) Multiple Choice Questions (1 Mark):

1. The SI unit of acceleration is:
   a) m/s
   b) m/s² ✅
   c) km/h
   d) m/s³
2. A body is moving with uniform velocity. Its acceleration is:
   a) Positive
   b) Negative
   c) Zero ✅
   d) Constant
3. Which graph shows uniform speed?
   a) Curved velocity-time graph
   b) Sloped straight line in distance-time graph ✅
   c) Horizontal distance-time graph
   d) Steep velocity-time curve
4. A car starts from rest and attains a speed of 20 m/s in 10 seconds. Its acceleration is:
   a) 2 m/s² ✅
   b) 0.5 m/s²
   c) 5 m/s²
   d) 10 m/s²

(B) Short Answer Questions (2/3 Marks):

1. Define displacement and explain how it can be zero even when distance is not.
2. Differentiate between speed and velocity with an example.
3. A car travels 60 km in 2 hours. Calculate its average speed.
4. Draw a velocity-time graph for an object moving with uniform acceleration.
   – PYQ 2022

(C) Long Answer Questions (5 Marks):

1. Derive the three equations of motion using the graphical method.
2. A car accelerates from rest at 2 m/s². Find:
   a) Its velocity after 5 seconds
   b) Distance covered in 5 seconds
   – PYQ 2021
3. Explain uniform circular motion. Give two examples from daily life.
4. Plot a distance-time graph for:
   a) Uniform motion
   b) Non-uniform motion
   Explain how slope indicates speed.

(D) HOTS (Higher Order Thinking Skills):

1. A cyclist moves in a circular path with uniform speed. Is the motion uniform or accelerated? Justify.
2. Two cars start from the same point—one travels east, another north—both at 40 km/h for 2 hours. Compare distance and displacement.

IV. Key Formulas/Concepts:

Formula	Description
v=u+atv = u + atv=u+at	Final velocity after time t
s=ut+12at2s = ut + frac{1}{2}at^2s=ut+21​at2	Distance covered in time t
v2=u2+2asv^2 = u^2 + 2asv2=u2+2as	Relation between velocity and displacement
Average Speed = Total DistanceTotal Timefrac{text{Total Distance}}{text{Total Time}}Total TimeTotal Distance​	Speed over total journey
Acceleration = v−utfrac{v – u}{t}tv−u​	Rate of change of velocity

V. Deleted Portions (CBSE 2025–2026):

 No portions have been deleted from this chapter as per the rationalized NCERT textbooks (2025–26).

VI. Chapter-Wise Marks Bifurcation (Estimated – CBSE 2025–2026):

Unit/Chapter	Estimated Marks	Type of Questions Typically Asked
Motion	8–10 marks	Numericals, derivations, graphs, conceptual reasoning

VII. Previous Year Questions (PYQs):

Year	Marks	Question
2019	5	Derive the three equations of motion using algebraic method.
2020	3	Draw a velocity-time graph for a uniformly accelerated body. Find the acceleration.
2021	2	Define uniform motion and give one example.
2022	5	A bus starts from rest and accelerates at 1 m/s² for 10 seconds. Find final velocity and distance travelled.

VIII. Real-World Application Examples to Connect with Topics:

Concept	Application
Speed & Velocity	Speedometers and GPS systems.
Acceleration	Roller coasters, aircraft take-off, traffic control.
Motion Graphs	Used in sports science to track performance.
Circular Motion	Motion of moon around Earth, fan blades, wheels.
Equations of Motion	Ballistics, drone movement prediction, car braking systems.

IX. Student Tips & Strategies for Success:

 Time Management:

• Spend alternate days on theory and numerical practice.
• Use concept maps for formula connections.

 Exam Preparation:

• Master all three equations of motion through repeated practice.
• Practice graph-based questions (both drawing and interpretation).
• Use unit conversion tables (km/h to m/s, etc.).

 Stress Management:

• Practice numericals in timed sessions to reduce math anxiety.
• Watch animations of motion and graphs to build intuition.

X. Career Guidance & Exploration (Class-Specific):

For Classes 9–10:

Stream	Career Paths
Engineering	Mechanical Engineer, Aerospace Engineer
Science	Physicist, Astronomer, Meteorologist
Transport	Automotive Designer, Railway Traffic Controller

Foundational Exams:

• NTSE
• Indian Olympiad Qualifier – Physics (IOQP)
• CBSE Science Challenge
• School speed/velocity lab experiments

XI. Important Notes:

•  Always mention units in numerical answers (e.g., m/s, m/s²).
•  Use graphs for visual explanation in long questions.
•  Don’t confuse displacement (vector) with distance (scalar).
•  Learn how to identify motion type from graph slopes.
•  Ensure clarity in derivations—step-by-step with diagrams.